The relationship between density of drug outlets, crime hot spots and family factors on the consumption of drugs and delinquent behaviour of male adolescent Mexican students.

This study examined the relationship between community risk factors (drug outlets density and crime hot spots) and family factors on the risk behaviours (drugs consumption and delinquent behaviour) of male adolescent Mexican students. Results were obtained based on data bank analysis and direct collection of information regarding family factors and risk behaviours of adolescents attending school. Spatial and statistical analysis was performed. The final sample was composed of 1450 male adolescents, from 11 secondary and high schools located in marginal and violent areas of Mexico. Spatial analysis revealed that when considering only the prevalence of the risk behaviours of the adolescents, the area of highest risk was the northwestern area of the city. However, after performing conjunct analysis of all evaluated variables using density point risk (aside from confirming that the northwestern area is still the one with the greatest risk), results indicated that the southern area has a high-density point risk. All densities of the variables showed a statistically significant positive association (p < 0.05). However, the results of the structural equation model indicated than only the family factors influenced the risk behaviours of adolescents (p < 0.05). The spatial distribution of the risk behaviours in male adolescent students and community risk variables surrounding the area where schools are located allows for the description of patterns and hotspot detection that facilitate the prioritization of where interventions must be directed. Besides, the interventions should target family factors.

[Validity of a resilience scale (RESI-M) in indigenous women in Mexico]. / Validez de una escala de resiliencia (RESI-M) en mujeres indígenas de México.

Resilience encompasses a series of capacities and skills that individuals acquire through interaction with their context, thus succeeding in overcoming their own limits of resistance by generating more efficient defensive and protective mechanisms and processes than before when exposed to adverse events. Resilience is assessed by measuring the adverse situation, successful adaptation, and the process, which has led to the development of a variety of instruments. There is no instrument in the literature that contemplates resilience from the cultural perspective of indigenous women, so the aim of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of scores obtained with the scale in this population group. The sample included 180 participants from various indigenous communities in Mexico, who were submitted to the Mexican Resilience Scale (RESI-M) developed by Palomar Lever & Gómez Valdez 2010. Internal consistency was assessed with the Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient, and the internal structure of each dimension was determined by principal components factor analysis with Varimax rotation. Mean age of participants was 33±9.4 years. Following analysis of the reliability and statistical validity, a final version of the instrument was obtained with 34 questions (from the original 43), with an acceptable reliability of 0.942 (Cronbach's alpha) and with 6 factors that explain 56.34% of total variance. The version is valid and reliable, with a structure that allows assessing resilience as a process in indigenous women.

La resiliencia engloba una serie de capacidades y habilidades, las cuales son adquiridas como resultado de la interacción del individuo con su contexto, logrando superar sus propios límites de resistencia, a través de la generación de mecanismos, procesos de defensa y protección más eficientes que antes, ante la exposición a eventos adversos. La medición de la resiliencia se hace a través de la medición de la adversidad, adaptación exitosa y el proceso, lo que ha generado en la actualidad una variedad de herramientas. En la literatura no existe un instrumento que contemple la resiliencia desde una perspectiva cultural indígena y en mujeres, por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la validez y confiabilidad de las puntuaciones obtenidas con esta escala, al ser aplicada en mujeres indígenas. La muestra la integraron 180 participantes, pertenecientes a diversas localidades indígenas de México, a las cuales se les aplicó la Escala de Resiliencia Mexicana (RESI-M) de Palomar Lever & Gómez Valdez 2010. Se evaluó la consistencia interna mediante el coeficiente de fiabilidad alfa de Cronbach y se determinó la estructura interna de cada una de las dimensiones por medio de un análisis factorial de componentes principales con rotación Varimax. La edad media de las participantes fue de 33±9,4 años de edad. Tras los análisis de confiabilidad y validez estadística, se obtuvo una versión final del instrumento de 34 preguntas, de las 43 originales; con una confiabilidad aceptable de 0,942 (alfa de Cronbach) y con 6 factores que explican el 56,34% de la varianza total. La versión es válida y confiable, con una estructura que permite evaluar la resiliencia como un proceso en mujeres indígenas.

A resiliência inclui uma série de capacidades e habilidades, as quais são adquiridas como resultado da interação do individuo com seu contexto, conseguindo superar seus próprios limites de resistência, através da geração de mecanismos, processo de defesa e proteção mais eficientes do que antes, diante da exposição a eventos adversos. A medição da resiliência é feita por meio da medição da adversidade, adaptação exitosa e o processo, o que tem gerado na atualidade várias ferramentas. Na literatura não existe um instrumento que considere a resiliência desde uma perspectiva cultural indígena ao respeito das mulheres, portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a validade e confiabilidade das pontuações obtidas com esta escala, a serem aplicadas em mulheres indígenas. A mostra foi integrada por 180 participantes, pertencentes a diversas municipalidades indígenas do México, onde foi aplicada a Escala de Resiliência Mexicana (RESI-M) de Palomar Lever & Gómez Valdez 2010. Foi avaliada a consistência interna por meio do coeficiente de confiabilidade alfa de Cronbach e foi determinada a estrutura interna de cada uma das dimensões por meio de uma análise fatorial de componentes principais com rotação Varimax. A idade media das participantes foi de 33±9,4 anos de idade. Depois das análises de confiabilidade e validade estatística, foi obtida uma versão final do instrumento com 34 perguntas, das 43 originais; com uma confiabilidade aceitável de 0,942 (alfa de Cronbach) e com 6 fatores que explicam o 56,34% da variância total. A versão é válida e confiável, com uma estrutura que permite avaliar a resiliência como um processo em mulheres indígenas.

Validez de una escala de resiliencia (RESI-M) en mujeres indígenas de México / Validity of a resilience scale (RESI-M) in indigenous women in Mexico / Validade de uma escala de resiliência (RESI-M) em mulheres indígenas do México

Resumen: La resiliencia engloba una serie de capacidades y habilidades, las cuales son adquiridas como resultado de la interacción del individuo con su contexto, logrando superar sus propios límites de resistencia, a través de la generación de mecanismos, procesos de defensa y protección más eficientes que antes, ante la exposición a eventos adversos. La medición de la resiliencia se hace a través de la medición de la adversidad, adaptación exitosa y el proceso, lo que ha generado en la actualidad una variedad de herramientas. En la literatura no existe un instrumento que contemple la resiliencia desde una perspectiva cultural indígena y en mujeres, por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la validez y confiabilidad de las puntuaciones obtenidas con esta escala, al ser aplicada en mujeres indígenas. La muestra la integraron 180 participantes, pertenecientes a diversas localidades indígenas de México, a las cuales se les aplicó la Escala de Resiliencia Mexicana (RESI-M) de Palomar Lever & Gómez Valdez 2010. Se evaluó la consistencia interna mediante el coeficiente de fiabilidad alfa de Cronbach y se determinó la estructura interna de cada una de las dimensiones por medio de un análisis factorial de componentes principales con rotación Varimax. La edad media de las participantes fue de 33±9,4 años de edad. Tras los análisis de confiabilidad y validez estadística, se obtuvo una versión final del instrumento de 34 preguntas, de las 43 originales; con una confiabilidad aceptable de 0,942 (alfa de Cronbach) y con 6 factores que explican el 56,34% de la varianza total. La versión es válida y confiable, con una estructura que permite evaluar la resiliencia como un proceso en mujeres indígenas.

Abstract: Resilience encompasses a series of capacities and skills that individuals acquire through interaction with their context, thus succeeding in overcoming their own limits of resistance by generating more efficient defensive and protective mechanisms and processes than before when exposed to adverse events. Resilience is assessed by measuring the adverse situation, successful adaptation, and the process, which has led to the development of a variety of instruments. There is no instrument in the literature that contemplates resilience from the cultural perspective of indigenous women, so the aim of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of scores obtained with the scale in this population group. The sample included 180 participants from various indigenous communities in Mexico, who were submitted to the Mexican Resilience Scale (RESI-M) developed by Palomar Lever & Gómez Valdez 2010. Internal consistency was assessed with the Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient, and the internal structure of each dimension was determined by principal components factor analysis with Varimax rotation. Mean age of participants was 33±9.4 years. Following analysis of the reliability and statistical validity, a final version of the instrument was obtained with 34 questions (from the original 43), with an acceptable reliability of 0.942 (Cronbach's alpha) and with 6 factors that explain 56.34% of total variance. The version is valid and reliable, with a structure that allows assessing resilience as a process in indigenous women.

Resumo: A resiliência inclui uma série de capacidades e habilidades, as quais são adquiridas como resultado da interação do individuo com seu contexto, conseguindo superar seus próprios limites de resistência, através da geração de mecanismos, processo de defesa e proteção mais eficientes do que antes, diante da exposição a eventos adversos. A medição da resiliência é feita por meio da medição da adversidade, adaptação exitosa e o processo, o que tem gerado na atualidade várias ferramentas. Na literatura não existe um instrumento que considere a resiliência desde uma perspectiva cultural indígena ao respeito das mulheres, portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a validade e confiabilidade das pontuações obtidas com esta escala, a serem aplicadas em mulheres indígenas. A mostra foi integrada por 180 participantes, pertencentes a diversas municipalidades indígenas do México, onde foi aplicada a Escala de Resiliência Mexicana (RESI-M) de Palomar Lever & Gómez Valdez 2010. Foi avaliada a consistência interna por meio do coeficiente de confiabilidade alfa de Cronbach e foi determinada a estrutura interna de cada uma das dimensões por meio de uma análise fatorial de componentes principais com rotação Varimax. A idade media das participantes foi de 33±9,4 anos de idade. Depois das análises de confiabilidade e validade estatística, foi obtida uma versão final do instrumento com 34 perguntas, das 43 originais; com uma confiabilidade aceitável de 0,942 (alfa de Cronbach) e com 6 fatores que explicam o 56,34% da variância total. A versão é válida e confiável, com uma estrutura que permite avaliar a resiliência como um processo em mulheres indígenas.

Solicitud al Sistema Nacional de Investigadores: ¿Cómo hacer una postulación con éxito? / Application to the National System of Researchers: How to apply successfully?

En el presente trabajo se comparten un conjunto de experiencias que, en forma de recomendaciones, tienen el propósito de orientar tus aspiraciones hacía la postulación y el ingreso al Sistema Nacional de Investigadores (SNI). En un primer apartado se abordan las preguntas acerca de ¿Qué es el SNI? ¿En qué consiste la distinción de ser un investigador del SNI?, y ¿Qué se requiere para ingresar al SNI?; en un segundo momento, se plantea ¿Cuál es la situación del profesional de enfermería en el SNI?, y ¿Cuáles son los requisitos de postulación al SNI? En el tercer y último apartado, se hace alusión a la compleja labor que tiene el Doctorado en Enfermería para postularse, ingresar y mantenerse en el SNI; para ello, se describen cuatro estrategias fundamentales con 15 recomendaciones, referentes al trabajo académico, de investigación colaborativa, de publicación en revistas arbitradas y libros, y en la evidencia de la traducción del conocimiento. Finalmente, el análisis de contenido de las entrevistas realizadas a los doctorados pertenecientes o no al SNI, permitió identificar los factores relacionados con la dificultad para la postulación e ingreso, así como las estrategias para su ingreso o permanencia. Un punto de reflexión relevante es la narrativa del discurso, en la cual, se sienta un precedente para profundizar en la pregunta del ¿Por qué el 81.5% (158) de los profesionales de enfermería con grado de doctorado no están en el SNI?

In this work we share a set of experiences that in the form of recommendations have the purpose of guiding your aspirations towards the nomination and entry into the National System of Researchers (SNI). In a first section addresses the questions about what is the SNI. What is the distinction of being a SNI researcher? And what is required to enter the SNI? In a second moment, the question arises: What is the situation of the nursing professional in the SNI? And what are the requirements for applying to the SNI? In the third and last section, reference is made to the complex work that the Doctorate in Nursing has to do to apply, enter and remain in the SNI; for this, four fundamental strategies are described with 15 recommendations, referring to academic work, collaborative research, publication in peer-reviewed journals and books, and evidence of knowledge translation. Finally, the content analysis of the interviews carried out with the doctorates belonging or not to the SNI, allowed to identify the factors related to the difficulty for the application and admission, as well as the strategies for their admission or permanence. A relevant point of reflection is the narrative of the discourse, in which a precedent is set to deepen the question of why is 81.5% (158) of nursing professionals with a doctorate degree not in the SNI.

Evaluación de los Ensayos Clínicos Aleatorios desarrollados por enfermeras según los criterios de la Declaración CONSORT / Evaluation of randomized clinical essays developed by nurses according to the consort declaration criteria

Objetivo: Evaluar si los Ensayos Clínicos Aleatorizados (ECAS) realizados por enfermeras en los últimos siete años, cumplen con la rigurosidad metodológica establecida por los criterios de la Declaración CONSORT. Métodos: Revisión integrativa de la literatura de revistas de enfermería, se analizaron 66 ECAS realizados por enfermeras y publicados en 11 revistas indizadas en bases de datos reconocidas, en cuyo título, palabras clave o diseño se reconocieran como un ensayo clínico aleatorio. Se realizó un instrumento de 48 ítems para evaluar las características de los 66 ECAS publicados. Dicho instrumento está dividido en dos segmentos: el primero evalúa información general de los artículos y el segundo incluye las características de la Declaración CONSORT. Resultados: El 57.6% de los ECAS utilizaron grupo control equivalente, 87.9% utilizó muestreo aleatorio, 28.8% enmascaramiento, 54.5% presentaron diagrama de flujo, 83% realizaron aleatorización, 57.6% describen las intervenciones empleadas a los grupos de estudio. Conclusiones: De forma general, los ECAS publicados por enfermería en los últimos siete años no cumplen con los criterios de la Declaración CONSORT. Estos hallazgos representan un área de oportunidad para que editores de revistas de enfermería soliciten a los autores mayor apego a la rigurosidad metodológica en sus artículos de acuerdo a los criterios de la Declaración CONSORT (AU)

Objective: Evaluate if the Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs) carried out by nurses in the last seven years fulfill the methodological rigor established by the CONSORT declaration criteria. Methods: Nursing journals literature integral review; sixty-six RCTs carried out by nurses and published in 11 indexed journals within recognized data bases were analyzed and where their title, key words or design allowed them to be recognized as a randomized clinical essay. A 48 item instrument was realized to evaluate the characteristics of the 66 published RCTs. Such instrument is divides in two segments: the first one evaluates general information in the articles, and the second one includes the CONSORT Declaration characteristics. Results: The 57.6% of RCTs used an equivalent control group, 87.9% used randomized sampling, 28.8% blind, 54.5% presented flow chart, groups. Conclusions: In general, the RCTs published by nursing in the last seven years do not fulfill the CONSORT Declaration criteria. These findings present an opportunity area so nursing journals publishers request from the authors the most attachment to the methodological rigor in their articles, according to the CONSORT Declaration criteria (AU)

Estudio en familias: factores ambientales y culturales asociados al sobrepeso y obesidad / Study of families: environmental and cultural factors associated with overweight and obesity

Objetivo: Determinar si el sobrepeso y la obesidad en los integrantes de la familia están relacionados con los factores ambientales y culturales relativos al funcionamiento de la familia. Método: Estudio descriptivo correlacional. La muestra fue constituida por 198 integrantes de familias. Se aplicaron una Cédula de Datos Generales, una Escala para Evaluar las Relaciones Intrafamiliares, el Cuestionario de Elección de Alimentos y el Cuestionario de Actividad Física. Resultados: El 8.6% de los participantes mayores de 18 años presentó sobrepeso y el 46.5% algún grado de obesidad. El índice de masa corporal de los adultos se relacionó con las kilocalorías totales producto de la actividad física (rs=.594; p<.01) y con las subescalas ecología de la alimentación (rs=.160; p<.05) y valor nutritivo (rs=.242; p<.01). Los factores culturales no se asociaron con el índice de masa corporal (rs=.242; p>.01). Conclusiones: En esta muestra el Sobrepeso/Obesidad se asoció con los factores ambientales (AU)

Objective: Determine whether overweight and obesity in family members are related to environmental and cultural factors regarding the functioning of families. Method: Descriptive Correlational Study. The sample consisted of 198 family members. A General Data Card, a Scale to Evaluate Intra-family Relations, the Food Selection Questionnaire, and the Physical Activity Questionnaire were used. Results: 8.6% of the participants 18 years old or older were overweight, and 46.5% had some degree of obesity. The Body Mass Index of adults was related to total kilocalories as a product of physical activity (rs=.594; p<.01) and with the subscales, eating ecology (rs=.160; p<.05) and nutritional value (rs=.242; p<.01). Cultural values were not associated with the Body Mass Index (rs=.242; p>.01). Conclusions: In this sample, Overweight/Obesity was associated with environmental factor (AU)

A comparison of the level of fear of death among students and nursing professionals in Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: to compare the level of fear of death in nursing students and professionals. METHOD: this was a comparative-transversal study examining 643 nursing students and professionals from a third-level institution. A random sampling method was employed, and the sample size was calculated by power analysis. The study was developed during three stages: the first stage consisted of the application of a pilot test, the second stage involved the recruitment of the participants, and the third stage measured the participants' responses on the Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale. RESULTS: the average fear of death was moderate-high (-X=3.19±0.55), and the highest score was observed for the fear of the death of others (-X=3.52±0.20). Significant differences in the perceptions of fear of death were observed among the students of the first three years (p<.05). However, no significant differences were observed among the first- and fourth-year students and professionals (p>.05). CONCLUSIONS: it is possible that first-year students exhibit a reduced fear of death because they have not had the experience of hospital practice. Students in their second and third year may have a greater fear of death because they have cared for terminal patients. However, it appears that greater confidence is acquired over time, and thus fourth-year students and professionals exhibit less fear of death than second- and third-year students (p<.05).

Estilos de vida e índice de masa corporal en adolescentes universitarios de Monterrey, México / Life style and body mass index in college students of Monterrey, Mexico

Objetivos: Identificar el Estilo de Vida de una muestra de adolescentes mexicanos de acuerdo a su índice de masa corporal (IMC).Material y métodos: Diseño descriptivo transversal, con una muestra probabilística simple de 79 estudiantes de entre 17 y 19 años. La variable fue captada mediante el uso del cuestionario Estilo de Vida Promotor de Salud con el fin de medir seis dimensiones que son: responsabilidad en salud, nutrición, actividad física, manejo de estrés, crecimiento espiritual y relaciones interpersonales. Resultados: Se encontró que el 80% de la muestra tenía un estilo de vida no saludable y un 60,8% presentó sobrepeso u obesidad. Las dimensiones con menores porcentajes fueron responsabilidad en salud (100%), nutrición (92,4%), manejo del estrés (82,3%) y actividad física (79,7%). Conclusiones: Independientemente del IMC predominó un mal estilo de vida en la muestra estudiada.

Objectives: To identify the EV in a sample of Mexican adolescences according to their Body Mass Index (BMI) in addition to know the items of the questionnaire that showed the worst evaluated percentages. Material and methods: Cross-sectional design, with the simple probabilistic sample of 79 students between 17 and 19 years old. The variable was captured through the use of Promoting Healthy Life Style with the purpose of measuring six dimensions which are: Responsibility in health, nutrition, physical activity, stress management, spiritual growth, and relationships. Results: It was found that the 80% of the sample had an unhealthy life style and a 60.8% showed a overweight or obesity. The worst evaluated dimensions were responsibility in health (100%), nutrition (92.4%) stress management (82.3%) and physical activity (79.7%). Conclusions: Independently of the BMI which predominated in a bad life style in the studied sample.

Control glucémico, autocuidado y estrés en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 residentes de Monterrey, México / Glycemic control, self-care and stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus residents of Monterrey, México

Introducción: La diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad crónica de alta prevalencia en México en quienes la padecen el autocuidado de la enfermedad y el manejo del estrés influyen en el auto control de de dicha patología. Objetivo: Conocer el control glucémico, autocuidado y estrés en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en una muestra de pacientes que acuden a un centro especializado en Diabetes Mellitus ubicado en la ciudad de Monterrey, México. Metodología: Se utilizó un diseño descriptivo, la muestra se conformó por un total de 122 pacientes que acudieron a un centro especializado en el cuidado de la diabetes. Se recurrió a la medición de cintura e índice de masa corporal, se aplicaron cuestionarios de lápiz y midió la glucosa en sangre periférica. Resultados: Se identificaron valores medios de cintura en hombres y mujeres de 96,45 y 88,65 (DE = 10,83 y 17,01; respectivamente), índice de masa corporal de 29,57 (20,42 – 53,75), estrés percibido 42,76 (12,34), estrés en diabetes 44,31 (24,74) y en cuanto a las acciones de autocuidado en diabetes la media identificada fue de 42,01 (18,64). Conclusiones: La mayoría de los participantes demostraron un buen control de la enfermedad, aunque su nivel de autocuidado es bajo. En cuanto al estrés percibido y en diabetes los niveles fueron bajo y moderado respectivamente.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease with high prevalence in Mexico in sufferers of the disease self-management and stress management influyem self-management of this pathology. Purpose: To know the glycemic control, self-care and stress in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 in a patients samples who presented in a specialized center in Diabetes Mellitus located in the Monterrey city of Mexico. Methodology: A descriptive design was used, the sample was shaped for 122 total of patients who attended in a specialized center in the diabetes care. It was resorted for measuring wrist and BMI, the pencil questionnaires were applied and the glucose was measured in peripheral blood. Results: The average values of wrist in women and men were identified of 96,45 y 88,65 (DE = 10,83 y 17,01; respectively), the BMI of 29,57 (20,42 – 53,75), perceived stress 42,76 (12.34), the stress in diabetes 44,31 (24,74) and according to the actions of self-care in diabetes the identified average was 42,01 (18,64). Conclusions: The most of the participants showed a good disease control, although their self-care levels were low. According the perceived stress and the diabetes, the levels were low and moderate respectively.

A comparison of the level of fear of death among students and nursing professionals in Mexico / Comparação do nível de medo da morte entre estudantes e profissionais de enfermagem no México / Comparación del nivel de miedo a la muerte entre estudiantes y profesionales de enfermería en México

OBJECTIVE: to compare the level of fear of death in nursing students and professionals. METHOD: this was a comparative-transversal study examining 643 nursing students and professionals from a third-level institution. A random sampling method was employed, and the sample size was calculated by power analysis. The study was developed during three stages: the first stage consisted of the application of a pilot test, the second stage involved the recruitment of the participants, and the third stage measured the participants' responses on the Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale. RESULTS: the average fear of death was moderate-high (-X=3.19±0.55), and the highest score was observed for the fear of the death of others (-X=3.52±0.20). Significant differences in the perceptions of fear of death were observed among the students of the first three years (p<.05). However, no significant differences were observed among the first- and fourth-year students and professionals (p>.05). CONCLUSIONS: it is possible that first-year students exhibit a reduced fear of death because they have not had the experience of hospital practice. Students in their second and third year may have a greater fear of death because they have cared for terminal patients. However, it appears that greater confidence is acquired over time, and thus fourth-year students and professionals exhibit less fear of death than second- and third-year students (p<.05). .

OBJETIVO: comparar o nível de medo da morte em estudantes e profissionais de enfermagem. MÉTODO: comparativo-transversal. Os participantes eram 643 estudantes e profissionais de Enfermagem de uma instituição de terceiro nível. Amostragem aleatória, a amostra foi calculada pela análise de potência. O estudo foi desenvolvido durante três etapas: a primeira etapa foi a aplicação de um teste piloto, a segunda etapa incluiu o recrutamento dos participantes e, na terceira etapa, foi aplicada a Escala de Medo da Morte Collett-Lester. RESULTADOS: a média de medo da morte foi moderada-alta (-X=3,19±0,55). A pontuação mais alta foi do medo da morte de outros (-X=3,52±0,20). A percepção do medo da morte foi diferente entre os estudantes dos três primeiros anos (p<,05). Os estudantes do 1o e do 4o ano e os profissionais não mostraram diferenças (p>,05). CONCLUSÕES: possivelmente, os estudantes do 1o ano percebem um menor medo da morte porque não tiveram a experiência da prática hospitalar. Os estudantes do 2o e do 3o ano têm maior medo da morte porque já cuidaram de pacientes terminais. Aparentemente, conforme o tempo passa (estudantes do 4o ano e profissionais), adquire-se mais confiança e o medo da morte diminui (p<,05). .

OBJETIVO: comparar el nivel de miedo a la muerte en estudiantes y profesionales de enfermería. MÉTODO: comparativo-transversal. Los participantes fueron 643 estudiantes y profesionales de Enfermería de una institución de tercer nivel. Muestreo aleatorio, la muestra se calculó por el análisis de potencia. El estudio se desarrolló durante tres etapas: la primera etapa fue la aplicación de una prueba piloto, la segunda etapa abarcó el reclutamiento de los participantes y la tercera etapa se aplicó la Escala de Miedo la Muerte de Collett-Lester. RESULTADOS: el promedio del miedo a la muerte fue moderado-alto (-X=3.19±0.55). El puntaje más alto fue miedo a la muerte de otros (-X=3.52±0.20). La percepción del miedo a la muerte entre los estudiantes de los primeros tres años, fueron diferentes (p<.05). Los estudiantes de 1°, 4° y profesionales no muestran diferencias (p>.05). CONCLUSIONES: posiblemente, los estudiantes de 1° perciben menor miedo a la muerte porque no han tenido la experiencia de práctica hospitalaria. Estudiantes de 2° y 3° tienen mayor miedo a la muerte porque han cuidado a pacientes terminales. Parece ser que conforme va pasando el tiempo (estudiantes de 4° y profesionales) se adquiere mayor confianza y el miedo a la muerte va disminuyendo (p<.05). .

Funcionalidad familiar y capacidad física de los adultos mayores en una comunidad rural / Family functionality and physical capability of elderly population in a rural community

Introducción: En la actualidad la familia se enfrenta a difíciles retos y experimenta cambios que alteran su funcionalidad. Esta situación representa un problema de salud pública emergente en las comunidades rurales con adultos mayores (AM), quienes son marginados por sus familiares, situación que tiende a generalizarse en los próximos años con el envejecimiento poblacional. Esto, aunado a los problemas de la capacidad física (CF) propios de los AM, requiere de mayor atención de la familia, situación que merece ser estudiada desde la perspectiva teórica del cuidado de enfermería. Objetivo: Explorar y correlacionar la CF de los AM con el tipo de funcionalidad familiar en una comunidad rural, con base a la Teoría de Organización Sistémica de Friedemann (1995). Metodología: Estudio exploratorio correlacional. Se encuestaron 100 familias con integrantes AM seleccionados por muestreo probabilístico. La información se recabó a través de instrumentos validados como la Escala de Efectividad en el Funcionamiento Familiar y el Índice de Barthel, se realizó análisis con estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: Mantenimiento del sistema familiar se correlacionó positivamente con la CF de movimiento y eliminación (r=0.276, p=0.005 y r=0.284, p=0.004). Discusión y conclusiones: El mantenimiento del sistema, cambio del sistema e individuación soportan la funcionalidad familiar; en este estudio quedó demostrado que estos conceptos predicen la CF del AM, con mayor importancia en la eliminación y movimiento.

Introduction: Nowadays, family faces difficult challenges and experiment changes that modify its functionality. This situation represent an emergent public health issue in rural communities with elderly people (AM) who are isolated for their family; situation that tends to generalize in the upcoming days with the population aging. Besides the troubles related to physical capability (CF) in elderly people, this problem requires better attention from the family; situation that deserves to be studied from the theoretical perspective of nursing care. Objective: To explore and correlate the CF of AM with the type of family functionality in a rural community, in the base of the Theory of Friedemann's Systemic Organization (1995). Methodology: Exploratory, co-relational study. 100 families were surveyed with AM members who were selected by probabilistic sample. Information was gathered through validated instruments such as Scale of Effectivity in Familiar Functioning and Barthel's Index. Analysis was done through descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Family system maintenance was positively correlated with the FC of movement and excretion. (r=0.276, p=0.005, and r=0.284, p=0.004). Discussion and conclusions: The maintenance of the system supports the familiar functionality; this study demonstrated that these concepts forecast the CF of AM with more importance on excretion and movement.

Funcionalidad familiar y capacidad física de los adultos mayores en una comunidad rural / Family functionality and physical capability of elderly population in a rural community

Introducción: En la actualidad la familia se enfrenta a difíciles retos y experimenta cambios que alteran su funcionalidad. Esta situación representa un problema de salud pública emergente en las comunidades rurales con adultos mayores (AM), quienes son marginados por sus familiares, situación que tiende a generalizarse en los próximos años con el envejecimiento poblacional. Esto, aunado a los problemas de la capacidad física (CF) propios de los AM, requiere de mayor atención de la familia, situación que merece ser estudiada desde la perspectiva teórica del cuidado de enfermería. Objetivo: Explorar y correlacionar la CF de los AM con el tipo de funcionalidad familiar en una comunidad rural, con base a la Teoría de Organización Sistémica de Friedemann (1995). Metodología: Estudio exploratorio correlacional. Se encuestaron 100 familias con integrantes AM seleccionados por muestreo probabilístico. La información se recabó a través de instrumentos validados como la Escala de Efectividad en el Funcionamiento Familiar y el Índice de Barthel, se realizó análisis con estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: Mantenimiento del sistema familiar se correlacionó positivamente con la CF de movimiento y eliminación (r=0.276, p=0.005 y r=0.284, p=0.004). Discusión y conclusiones: El mantenimiento del sistema, cambio del sistema e individuación soportan la funcionalidad familiar; en este estudio quedó demostrado que estos conceptos predicen la CF del AM, con mayor importancia en la eliminación y movimiento.

Introduction: Nowadays, family faces difficult challenges and experiment changes that modify its functionality. This situation represent an emergent public health issue in rural communities with elderly people (AM) who are isolated for their family; situation that tends to generalize in the upcoming days with the population aging. Besides the troubles related to physical capability (CF) in elderly people, this problem requires better attention from the family; situation that deserves to be studied from the theoretical perspective of nursing care. Objective: To explore and correlate the CF of AM with the type of family functionality in a rural community, in the base of the Theory of Friedemann's Systemic Organization (1995). Methodology: Exploratory, co-relational study. 100 families were surveyed with AM members who were selected by probabilistic sample. Information was gathered through validated instruments such as Scale of Effectivity in Familiar Functioning and Barthel's Index. Analysis was done through descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Family system maintenance was positively correlated with the FC of movement and excretion. (r=0.276, p=0.005, and r=0.284, p=0.004). Discussion and conclusions: The maintenance of the system supports the familiar functionality; this study demonstrated that these concepts forecast the CF of AM with more importance on excretion and movement.

Estimación de las capacidades de autocuidado para hipertensión arterial en una comunidad rural / Esteem of self-care capacities for arterial hypertension in countryside

Introducción: Las Capacidades de Autocuidado (CAC) están determinadas conceptualmente por Oremen la teoría del Déficit de Autocuidado. En las personas, es el desarrollo de habilidades especializadas que les permiten cuidar de su salud, estas tienen un profundo significado cultural y pueden ser adquiridas de forma intencional en estados de salud o enfermedad en el individuo. Objetivo: Estimar las capacidades de autocuidado (CAC) para hipertensión arterial en personas de 20 a 69 años de una comunidad rural. Metodología: A través de la visita domiciliaria en una comunidad rural del estado de Morelos, se hizo la selección en dos momentos hasta completar un total de 120 personas, en las que bajo consentimiento informado y previa estandarización de los procedimientos de medición clínica con base en la NOM-030-SSA2-1999, se realizó la medición y registro de la presión arterial. Para la valoración de las CAC se aplicó la versión en español de la Escala Estimativa de Capacidades de Autocuidado. Resultados: Dicha población presenta una edad promedio de 42 años, predominando el sexo femenino; se identificaron cifras de presión arterial por arriba de los estándares estableados en 16.6% de la población estudiada, en la cual se identificó una mejor capacidad de autocuidado que en las personas que presentaron cifras dentro de los rangos estándares de normalidad. Conclusiones: Con la aplicación de la escala estimativa de capacidad de autocuidado se logró identificar que las personas con hipertensión perciben mejor sus capacidades de autocuidado que las que no la presentan.

Introduction: Self-care capacities are conceptually determined by Orem, in the self-care deficit theory. The development of specialized abilities let people to care about their health. They have a deep cultural meaning and it could be acquire by an intentional way in health or illness statements on people. Objective: To estimate the self-care capacities for arterial hypertension on people from 20 to 69 years old in a rural community. Methodology and methods: During a home visit in a rural community at Morelos state in Mexico, a selection to get a total of 120 persons was made with its improvement and previous procedure standardization for clinical measurement done in base with NOM-030-SSA2-1999, measurement and registry of blood pressure were done either. For self-care capacities valuation, the Spanish version of the self-care capacities scale was applied. Results: The community presents an average age of 42 years old, predominating feminine genre, numbers of arterial pressure were identified above from the established standards on 16.6% of the studied population, in which was identified a better self-care capacity than people who presented numbers in the normal standard ranks. Conclusion: Applying the self-care capacities scale it was possible to identify people with hypertension who perceived on a better way their self-care capacities than with the people who does have it.